Polymer-based waveguide amplifiers are essential components in integrated optical systems, as their gain bandwidths directly determine the operating wavelength of optical circuits.However, development of the wideband gain media has been challenging, making it difficult to fabricate devices with broadband amplification capability.Rare earth ion-dope

Background: In poultry industry the most common and important mycotoxin is aflatoxin, and decreasing its economical and podocarpus gracilior column sanitary damages by using effective and inexpensive substances is the target of most of the researchers.Objective: Since the pathologic effects of aflatoxin toxicity are more important in liver, kidney

Research Question: What is the role of Information Technology on the development of effective internal controls of companies? Motivation: Companies can now support operations with IT systems to improve operating performance.As a result, companies must adapt their technique and method of internal control in accordance with computerization (AIS) to e

Precise Point Positioning (PPP) makes use of the undifferenced pseudorange and copyright phase measurements with zippity dew dab ionospheric-free (IF) combinations to achieve centimeter-level positioning accuracy.Conventionally, the IF ambiguities are estimated as float values.To improve the PPP positioning accuracy and shorten the convergence time